There are still many doubts and myths about the use of stem cells and growth factors in medicine. Often we think of these procedures as a magic potion that allows you to rebuild cartilage, tendons or any structure from nothing or “come back looking new”. Therefore, it should be made clear that while these two techniques have made significant advances in the healing process of various injuries, they are not synonymous and above all, they are not a panacea for every problem.
Stem cells in orthopedics
Stem cells used in orthopedics, especially for the treatment of the knee joint, are extracted from the crest of the iliac bone, the highest area of bone in the pelvis, and are called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The use of stem cells in orthopedics is finding its place, especially in the treatment of cartilage lesions. This is a problem that causes pain, problems with walking and affects an increasing number of people, preventing normal daily life.
Mesenchymal stem cells
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of stem cells with great potential to treat a wide range of acute and degenerative diseases. Their use in cell therapy is due to a number of advantages. First, the isolation of MSCs is ethically impeccable compared to embryonic stem cells. Secondly, studies have shown that MSCs have so-called immunoprivileged properties, i.e. they do not cause immune rejection during transplantation even to an incompatible donor. Therefore, MSCs can reduce both the risks of rejection and complications of transplantation. Notable successes have been achieved in the use of autologous (own) MSCs for regeneration of cartilage, menisci, tendons, bone fractures.
Advantages of using stem cells to treat cartilage damage
The main advantage of this technique is the ability to perform the surgery in a single session. In fact, in the past, it was necessary to remove some cartilage from the affected area and make it grow for about a month before it could be transplanted with a new operation. The disadvantage of this procedure, besides the obvious double intervention for the patient, was the possibility of improper growth.
On the other hand, the modern technique is faster because there is no need to operate on two different and more advantageous cases, since the graft can be used to partially restore the bone tissue of the selected area. The result is faster healing with a significant reduction in pain during recovery. The only major difference is that these cells must be attached to the implant area through a sort of skeleton on which they will grow.
Rehabilitation and recovery after stem cells transplantation
The rehabilitation process after stem cell transplantation in orthopedics plays a key role in achieving a successful outcome. It includes several stages aimed at restoring the function of the damaged joint and preventing possible complications.
First weeks after transplantation
In the first few weeks after the procedure, it is recommended that the patient minimize stress on the operated area. This may include the use of crutches or an orthosis, as well as avoiding strenuous movements that can negatively affect tissue healing. The doctor may prescribe physiotherapy treatments to reduce pain and swelling and to improve blood circulation in the transplant area.
Physiotherapy and exercises
A few weeks after surgery, active physical therapy begins to restore joint mobility and strengthen the surrounding muscles. The rehabilitation program may include:
- Light stretching and flexion-extension exercises.
- Strengthening exercises for the thigh and calf muscles.
- Water therapy to help reduce stress on the joint during exercises.
Gradually, the load is increased, and the set of exercises is adjusted depending on the patient’s progress. At this stage, it is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations to avoid excessive strain on the recovering tissues.
Long-term recommendations and prevention of recurrence
Once joint function is fully restored, it is recommended that the patient adhere to certain lifestyle recommendations to prevent re-injury and degenerative changes to the cartilage. These recommendations include:
- Maintaining an optimal weight to reduce stress on the joints.
- Regular physical activity, including muscle and ligament strengthening exercises.
- Eating a healthy diet enriched with vitamins and minerals to promote joint repair.
- Avoiding excessive strain, especially in sports that require intensive joint work.
Prospects and further research
The use of stem cells in orthopedics remains an actively developing field of medicine. Research is underway to improve transplantation techniques, increase the efficiency of treatment and reduce the recovery time of patients. In particular, scientists are studying the use of bioengineered materials that can serve as a framework for the growth of new cells, as well as gene therapy that can activate regeneration processes at the cellular level.
In addition, new methods of stem cell administration are being developed, including injectable delivery methods that can minimize the need for surgery. In the future, these technologies may significantly expand treatment options not only for cartilage damage, but also for other orthopedic pathologies such as osteoarthritis and degenerative joint diseases.
Challenges and limitations of stem cells therapy in orthopedics
Despite the promising potential of stem cell therapies, several challenges still exist in their widespread application in orthopedics. One of the primary limitations is the variability in patient outcomes. While some individuals experience significant improvements, others may not see as pronounced results. This variability can be attributed to several factors, including the patient’s age, overall health, and the severity of the injury. Additionally, there is a lack of standardized protocols for stem cell treatment, which can affect the consistency and effectiveness of the procedures. Ongoing research is essential to refine these techniques and identify the most effective approaches for different orthopedic conditions.
Ethical considerations and regulatory aspects
Another important aspect of stem cell therapy in orthopedics is the ethical and regulatory framework surrounding its use. Although mesenchymal stem cells are considered ethically acceptable because they are not derived from embryos, the use of stem cells in clinical practice is still subject to strict regulations in many countries. These regulations are designed to ensure patient safety and the integrity of the treatment process. As stem cell therapy continues to evolve, there will likely be increasing scrutiny from both medical authorities and the public. Clear guidelines and regulations are needed to prevent misuse and ensure that the treatment remains safe, effective, and accessible to those who need it.
Conclusion
The use of stem cells in orthopedics represents a promising and innovative therapeutic option for the treatment of cartilage, joint and other tissue injuries. Due to their unique properties such as immunoprivileged and regenerative capacity, mesenchymal stem cells offer new opportunities to repair damaged tissues with minimal risks and faster recovery. Despite significant advances in cell therapy, it is important to recognize that stem cells are not a one-size-fits-all solution to all orthopedic problems and require a comprehensive approach that includes rehabilitation, relapse prevention, and individualized treatment for each patient. Leading scientific research continues to develop these techniques, leading to hope for even more effective and affordable treatments for orthopedic conditions in the future.
